Question 1
1. Being unaware that you have driven a long distance while thinking about other events is
an example of
REM sleep
the unconscious mind
myoclonia
divided consciousness
2 points Question 2
1. When psychologists talk about the "depersonalization" experience they are refering to:
a feeling of self fulfillment
a feeling of being "unreal"
a feeling of creativity
none of these
2 points Question 3
1. Freud called the "hidden meaning" of a dream, its ________ content.
surface
latent
manifest
conscious
2 points Question 4
1. Grandpa is napping in his recliner, snoring loudly, when suddenly he stops snoring. You
look to see if he woke up, but he is still asleep and appears not to be breathing. For a
moment you wonder if he’s dead, but suddenly he snorts and resumes snoring. Grandpa is
displaying
insomnia.
somnambulism.
narcolepsy.
sleep apnea.
2 points Question 5
1. How many hours per night does the average college student spend in a REM state?
1
2
4
6
2 points Question 6
1. In Freud’s theory of dreaming, the story you remember when you wake up is the
manifest content.
latent content.
event sequence.
surface structure.
2 points Question 7
1. Studies show that there are negative results from lengthy periods of sleeping-dreaming
deprivation
when REM sleep is interrupted.
when a participant gets no more than two hours of sleep per night.
when a participant gets no more than four hours of sleep every twenty-four hours.
when non-REM dream sleep is interrupted.
2 points Question 8
1. The cocktail party phenomenon demonstrates the importance of
hypnosis.
psychotropic drugs.
the schizophrenic mind.
the unconscious mind.
2 points Question 9
1. The perception that your mind has left your body is known as
mesmerism.
astral meditation.
transcendental state.
astral projection. 2 points Question 10
1. When our consciousness is a combination of normal waking and dreams, we call this
state___________________.
REM
hypnagogic
latent
daydreaming
2 points Question 11
1.
Which of the following best characterizes a night’s sleep?
We begin the night in light sleep and end in deep sleep.
We pass from light sleep to dream sleep to deep sleep.
Our depth of sleep alternates up and down several times.
We alternate from the hypnagogic state to dream sleep about six times.
1 points Question 12
1. Which of the following is not a characteristic of the hypnotic experience?
hypnotic hallucinations
hypnotic analgesia
hypnotic control
hypnotic crime sprees
1 points Question 13
1.
Which of the following is true regarding the unconscious mind?
It was the most important term included in early psychology texts.
It is probably a myth
It processes information we ignore.
It can easily be studied scientifically.
1 points Question 14
1.
"Any relatively permanent change in behavior" is a definition for
experience.
memory.
learning.
response.
1 points Question 15
1.
A basic assumption underlying modeling is that
some learning may occur without direct reinforcement.
observational learning is not true learning.
all learning occurs by imitation.
all reinforcement occurs vicariously.
1 points Question 16 1.
A close synonym for negative reinforcer is
relief.
punishment.
grounding.
affliction.
1 points Question 17
1. A fleck of dust or dirt in your eye automatically causes the eye to produce tears to wash
the dirt out. If it were part of a classical conditioning experiment, the fleck of dust or dirt
be labeled as the?
unconditioned stimulus.
unconditioned response.
conditioned stimulus.
conditioned response.
1 points Question 18
1.
A pigeon learned to peck a lighted disc for a few bits of grain. The bird does not peck
when the light is off because no grain will be forthcoming. The light is called the
generalized stimulus.
conditioned stimulus.
conditioned response.
discriminative stimulus.
1 points Question 19 1.
A raccoon was taught to deposit tokens in a metal box in order to obtain food. However,
the raccoon soon began to engage in a behavior akin to washing the tokens and was less
likely to put the tokens in the metal box. What did the raccoon’s behavior reveal?
superstitious behavior
disinhibition of learning
vicarious punishment
a biological limit on learning
1 points Question 20
1.
A strategy of reinforcing successive approximations to a complex behavior is known as
modeling.
shaping.
interval training.
aversive conditioning.
1 points Question 21
1.
According to research studies, what should happen if Scott observes Allison being
rewarded for picking-up toys?
Picking-up toys will become a discriminate stimulus for Scott.
Scott’s toy picking-up behavior will increase.
Scott’s toy picking-up behavior will be extinguished.
Scott will associate Allison with secondary reinforcers.
1 points Question 22 1.
Each time Mary Jo talked back to her mother her mother gave her a painful pinch on the
arm. Now Mary Jo pinches people when they disagree with her. This demonstrates
counterconditioning.
a danger of punishment.
external disinhibition.
negative reinforcement.
1 points Question 23
1.
Fred asks his mom for a cookie, but the answer is no. He whines and cries, so his mom
gives him a cookie and he calms down. According to the principles of operant
conditioning, what can be expected?
Mom will be less likely to give cookies in the future.
Fred will whine and cry more often in the future.
Fred will cry whenever he is hungry.
Fred will enjoy his cookie less than if he had received it after the first request.
1 points Question 24
1. How does extinction occur in classical conditioning?
The CS is presented without the UCS.
The CR is presented without the UCR
The emitted response is negatively reinforced.
The emitted response is punished.
1 points Question 25
1.
If your beagle lies down when you say "Dead!" and you discover that he will do the same trick when you say the words red, head, or bed, what has taken place?
stimulus discrimination
response discrimination
stimulus generalization
vicarious generalization
1 points Question 26
1.
In classical conditioning, an unlearned, inborn reaction to an unconditioned stimulus is
a(n)
unconditioned stimulus.
conditioned stimulus.
unconditioned response.
conditioned response.
1 points Question 27
1.
In the study by Ayllon, the delusional statements made by schizophrenic patients
appeared to be learned through
positive
reinforcement.
classical conditioning.
vicarious punishment.
biological
preparedness.
1 points Question 28 1.
Jill was trying to operantly condition her dog to roll over. Each time her dog rolled over
she immediately said "good dog." However, the dog did not learn to roll over on
command. Which of the following may best explain why?
Jill used inconsistent reinforcement.
The CS did not match the CR.
Jill should have delayed the reinforcement.
Saying "good dog" was not reinforcing to her dog.
1 points Question 29
1.
Ken was trying to condition a mute child to use some vocalizations. Each time the child
uttered a sound he was given a chocolate drop. The child’s utterances did not increase
until Ken started using pretzels instead of chocolate drops. This illustrates the importance
of
delivering consistent reinforcement.
determining whether a reinforcer is really reinforcing.
correctly timing the delivery of reinforcement.
using an unconditioned stimulus instead of a CS.
1 points Question 30 1.
Martin Seligman has suggested and found support for his theory that ________ develops
through learned helplessness.
depression
a phobia
schizophrenia
superstitious behavior
1 points Question 31
1.
Otto the dachshund comes running to the kitchen and salivates when his master rattles his
food box. In this situation, the rattling sound is the
unconditioned stimulus.
unconditioned response.
conditioned stimulus.
conditioned response.
1 points Question 32
1.
Reinforcing stimuli that accidentally follow a response but seem to the individual to be
the natural consequences of that response lead to _______ reinforcement.
accidental
latent
superstitious
inferred
1 points Question 33 1.
The fact that it is easier to condition a fear of things that have some intrinsic association
with danger suggests that people are _______ prepared to learn certain kinds of fear.
psychologically
biologically
intuitively
latently
1 points Question 34
1.
What technique has been used to reverse classically conditioned responses?
avoidance conditioning
counterconditioning
shaping
disinhibition
1 points Question 35
1. According to the theory of cognitive dissonance, if I participate in a racist demonstration,
I will probably feel some guilt.
my attitudes may become less racist.
my attitudes will probably become more racist.
my attitudes will not change as much as my opinions.
1 points Question 36
1.
Attitudes are often subject to change if the communicator delivers a non-emotional message.
uses cognitive dissonance.
is targeting older people.
is credible.
1 points Question 37
1.
Conformity is best described as
doing what someone in authority tells you to do.
yielding to group pressure when you were not required to do so.
behaving according to the group norm because of direct pressure.
changing behavior out of fear.
1 points Question 38
1. Everything else being equal, if you had to deliver a persuasive speech that you hoped
would change attitudes, you would want listeners who
are less intelligent.
have a high need for social approval.
have low self-esteem.
are all of these.
1 points Question 39
1.
If Elena is unpleasant to John and he thinks it must be because she is under pressure from
her job and classes, what process has John used? cognitive integration
rational externalization
ego externalization
attribution
1 points Question 40
1.
If ten people say that a color is blue when it actually is not, what is the eleventh person
likely to do?
identify the color correctly
say that the group is wrong
say that the color is blue
show signs of reactance
1 points Question 41
1.
In attribution, people display a tendency to see their own behavior as externally caused
and the behavior of others as internally caused. This tendency is known as the
fundamental attribution error.
halo effect.
diffusion of responsibility.
reduction of dissonance.
1 points Question 42
1. In Milgram’s original study, subjects were ordered to continue giving increasingly painful
shocks to a protesting victim. What percentage of subjects went all the way to the
"XXX," 450-volt level?
2 percent
5 percent 25 percent
65 percent
1 points Question 43
1.
Milgram’s studies demonstrated that people do what they are told when
they are under the grip of polarization.
they are unsure of themselves.
asked by an authority figure.
in stressful situations.
1 points Question 44
1.
People working in groups will often exert less effort than if they worked alone. This
tendency is known as
social inhibition.
social loafing.
social dissonance.
personal inconsistency.
1 points Question 45
1.
Social facilitation refers to which of the following?
Well-learned behavior is performed better in the presence of other people.
Any behavior is performed better when an audience is present.
The presence of significant others lowers anxiety for performance. Audience expectations change performance.
1 points Question 46
1.
The theory of cognitive dissonance holds that inconsistencies between attitudes and
behavior are uncomfortable,
causing people to engage in groupthink.
but attitude change does not reduce dissonance.
and people will therefore change their attitudes to reduce this discomfort.
and so people engage in attribution to reduce the discomfort.
1 points Question 47
1. Under what condition is obedience reduced?
when individuals feel greater personal responsibility
when the individual is a blue collar worker
when the goals of the authority figure are not obvious
when the individual is alone with an authority figure
1 points Question 48
1.
When others in the group all agree on the same answer, a person is most likely to
polarize.
dissent.
conform.
disagree. 1 points Question 49
1.
Which is one of the least important factors in the persuasiveness of the speaker?
logic
credibility
attractiveness
intent
1 points Question 50
1.
Why do trick-or-treaters vandalize when in a group but not usually when alone?
socially induced aggression
social mood control
deindividuation
social responsib
