Quiz 6
Question 1 (10 points)
Which of the following is an example of informal deviance?
Question 1 options:
spray-painting public property as a teenager
telling the hostess of a dinner party that you didn’t like the main dish
cheating on a sociology exam in college
drinking and driving
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Question 2 (10 points)
Definitions of deviant behavior tend to ________
Question 2 options:
change over time and vary from one context to another.
be impervious to changes in notions of acceptable behavior.
be defined by a few elite members of society.
be copied from one society to another.
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Question 3 (10 points)
Organic solidarity can be defined as ________
Question 3 options:
social cohesion based on rules and guidelines that are explicitly stated and agreed on by
members of a group or society.
social cohesion based on the differences and the interdependence of specialized parts of
society.
social cohesion based on an unspoken understanding of the rules governing membership in
a particular group or society.
social cohesion based on the sameness of the individual parts of society.
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Question 4 (10 points)
According to Durkheim, why is a society bound by mechanical solidarity more likely to apply
punitive justice rather than rehabilitative justice to a person who violates a law or social norm?
Question 4 options:
Such societies do not yet have the intellectual capacity to develop more sophisticated
punitive measures.
A society characterized by mechanical solidarity exhibits little social control over criminals
and noncriminals.
People in such a society are bound by sameness, and any violation of social norms must be
punished severely in order to reinforce the boundaries of acceptable behavior.
People in such a society view themselves only as agents of social order and not as objects
of social order as well.
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Question 5 (10 points)
What is the collective conscience?
Question 5 options:
a set of norms by which members of society abide
the morality of a group or network
how well people relate to each other
mechanisms that create normative compliance
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Question 6 (10 points)
Which of the following is an example of rehabilitative justice?
Question 6 options:
requiring sex offenders to register in a database and notify their neighbors
mandatory monthly drug tests for five years after being paroled on a drug offense
entering a work training program after being released from prison
losing the right to vote after a felony conviction
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Question 7 (10 points)
Informal social sanctions are ________
Question 7 options:
enforced by overt punishments.
understood by members of a social group without being openly expressed.
established through discussion and consensus of the group.
too weak to have any effect on deviance.
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Question 8 (10 points)
According to Émile Durkheim’s theory of suicide, what two social factors have the most impact
on suicide rates?
Question 8 options:
informal sanctions and formal sanctions
social integration and anomie
social integration and social regulation
conformity and recidivism
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Question 9 (10 points)
Anomie can be defined as a sense of aimlessness or despair that develops when an individual
________
Question 9 options:
experiences a loss of order and normalcy from too little social regulation.
feels that life is too predictable and boring.
loses his or her sense of self from too much social integration.
is not well integrated into a community.
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Question 10 (10 points)
Robert Merton’s strain theory argues that deviance occurs when ________
Question 10 options:
individuals internalize other people’s perceptions of themselves and come to accept those
perceptions as "right" or "true."
people don’t understand the unspoken rules that govern group membership.
people are unwilling to sacrifice some of their personal interests for the sake of stability in
their social group.
a society holds out the same goals to all its members but does not give them equal ability to
achieve these goals.
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Question 11 (10 points)
According to strain theory, a ritualist is a person who ________
Question 11 options:
accepts socially defined goals and the socially acceptable means to achieve them.
accepts socially defined goals but does not embrace the socially acceptable means to
achieve them.
rejects socially defined goals but not the socially acceptable means to achieve them.
rejects socially defined goals and the means to achieve them.
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Question 12 (10 points)
Labeling theory is a ________ theory.
Question 12 options:
macro-level
micro-level
functionalist
postmodern
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Question 13 (10 points)
A child struggles to learn how to read and is frequently teased about it by his siblings and
referred to as "slow" by his parents and teachers. He underperforms in school and never thinks
about going to college. Ultimately, he drops out before graduating from high school, telling the
school counselor that he’s just not book smart. This is an example of which theory of deviance?
Question 13 options:
labeling theory
strain theory
reflection theory
role theory
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Question 14 (10 points)
Secondary deviance refers to ________
Question 14 options:
acts of deviance that are not as serious as primary deviance.
acts of deviance committed after an individual has been punished by society.
deviant acts that occur after primary deviance and as a result of being labeled "deviant."
acts of deviance committed by children of parents who have been labeled deviant.
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Question 15 (10 points)
Devah Pager’s research on how criminal records deter potential employers illustrates the
consequences of ________
Question 15 options:
secondary deviance.
strain.
anomie.
stigma.
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Question 16 (10 points)
There was an empty lot in a middle-class neighborhood that was maintained by a neighbor who
lived next to it for years. That neighbor moved away and within a few weeks several bags of
garbage and some old furniture were sitting in the lot. Shortly after that, an old car was parked
in the lot and teenagers started to gather there to smoke and hang out. Within a few months,
there was a mugging by the lot and the police made a couple of arrests for drug dealing there.
This series of events is an example of what theory?
Question 16 options:
differential opportunity theory
broken windows theory
labeling theory
strain theory
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Question 17 (10 points)
Differential opportunity theory links what two things in analyzing deviance?
Question 17 options:
crime rates and penal codes
formal and informal social sanctions
economic opportunities and crime rates
recidivism and rehabilitative justice
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Question 18 (10 points)
________ refers to crimes committed by a professional against a corporation, agency, or other
business.
Question 18 options:
Primary deviance
Corporate crime
Secondary deviance
White-collar crime
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Question 19 (10 points)
What is one explanation for why it can be difficult to accurately measure changes in crime rates
over time?
Question 19 options:
Definitions of crimes change over time.
Law-enforcement agencies keep unreliable records.
People report crimes multiple times.
Federal and state laws often contradict each other.
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Question 20 (10 points)
In order to combat rising crime rates, a state introduces tough new sentencing laws. The hopes
of politicians and law-enforcement officials for a subsequent decrease in crime are based on
________
Question 20 options:
Foucault’s theory of discipline.
deterrence theory.
differential opportunity theory.
labeling theory.
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Question 21 (10 points)
Devah Pager’s research on employment prospects for individuals with a prior criminal record
exemplifies the serious consequences for certain stigmas. If an individual with a criminal record
cannot easily find a job and decides to return to committing crimes to support his or her family,
what sociological idea is this an example of?
Question 21 options:
strain theory
primary deviance
general deterrence
recidivism
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Question 22 (10 points)
The goal of correctional centers and mental health institutions to help inmates or patients learn
to be productive members of society may be at odds with ________
Question 22 options:
modern society’s belief in rehabilitative justice.
the objectives of proponents of deterrence theory.
the way life in a total institution can strip away a person’s self-identity and leave him or her
feeling lost and vulnerable.
the level of normative compliance that an inmate or patient is capable of exhibiting.
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Question 23 (10 points)
In Discipline and Punish, the French theorist Michel Foucault examines how the modern penal
system ________
Question 23 options:
discriminates against minorities.
unfairly incarcerates drug addicts.
represents a transformation in social control.
gives special treatment to white-collar criminals.
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Question 24 (10 points)
The interview with Victor Rios highlights the differential treatment that minorities, particularly
those in the inner cities, receive from a young age. In his youth, Rios often encountered police
intrusion upon his daily life, including at school. What sociological idea epitomizes Rios’s
experience?
Question 24 options:
Foucault’s panopticon
Goffman’s total institution
Merton’s strain theory
Durkheim’s anomie
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Question 25 (10 points)
Since the 1970s, incarceration rates in the United States have ________
Question 25 options:
steadily decreased.
cycled through various highs and lows.
remained steady.
risen dramatically.
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Question 26 (10 points)
One of the consequences of mass incarceration in the United States has been ________
Question 26 options:
decreased crime rates.
the disenfranchisement of millions of former felons.
a more efficient prison system.
the development of successful work-training programs for inmates.
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